|
The Algerian Civil War was an armed conflict between the Algerian government and various Islamist rebel groups which began in 1991 following a coup negating an Islamist electoral victory. The war began slowly as it first appeared the government had successfully crushed the Islamist movement, but armed groups emerged to fight jihad and by 1994-5 violence reached such a level that it appeared the government might not be able to withstand it.〔 By 1996-7 however it became clear that the violence and predation of the Islamists had lost its popular support, although fighting continued for several years after.〔Kepel, ''Jihad'', 2002: p.255〕 The war has been referred to as 'the dirty war’ (''la sale guerre''), and was notable for "unspeakable brutality" and "unbelievable savagery and violence" in attacks on civilians.〔Kepel, ''Jihad'', 2002: p.254〕 Islamists targeted journalists, over 70 of whom were killed, and foreigners, over 100 of whom were killed, although it is thought by many that security forces as well as Islamist were involved, as the government infiltrated the insurgents.〔(Entre menace, censure et liberté: La presse privé algérienne se bat pour survivre ), March 31, 1998〕 Total fatalities have been estimated to be somewhere between 44,000〔 and 200,000. The conflict began in December 1991, when the new and enormously popular Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) party appeared poised to defeat the ruling National Liberation Front (FLN) party in the national parliamentary elections. The elections were canceled after the first round and the military effectively took control of the government, forcing pro-reform president Chadli Bendjedid from office. After the FIS was banned and thousands of its members arrested, Islamist guerrillas rapidly emerged and began an armed campaign against the government and its supporters. They formed themselves into various armed groups, principally the Islamic Armed Movement (MIA), based primarily in the mountains, and the more hard-line Armed Islamic Group (GIA), based primarily in the towns. The GIA motto was "no agreement, no truce, no dialogue" and declared war on the FIS in 1994 after it made progress in negotiations with the government. The MIA and various smaller insurgent bands regrouped, becoming the FIS-loyalist Islamic Salvation Army (AIS). After talks collapsed, elections were held and won by the army's candidate, General Liamine Zéroual. The GIA not only fought the AIS but began a series of massacres targeting entire neighborhoods or villages—some evidence also suggests the involvement of government forces—peaked in 1997. Its massacre policy caused desertion and splits, while the AIS, under attack from both sides declared a unilateral ceasefire with the government in 1997. In the meantime 1997 parliamentary elections were won by a newly created pro-Army party supporting the president. In 1999, following the election of a new president, violence declined as large numbers of insurgents "repented", taking advantage of a new amnesty law. The remnants of the GIA proper were hunted down over the next two years, and had practically disappeared by 2002, with the exception of a splinter group called the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), which announced its support for Al-Qaeda in October 2003. ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Algerian Civil War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|